Power Amplifier

Digital Control System  is a branch of the control system with continuous time processes in the region associated with the digital controller as the controller of the control elements that control systems and computing discrete time. Depending on requirements, a digital controller can be shaped microcontroller and ASIC to a standard desktop computer. Because the digital computer system is discrete, then the Laplace transform is used in the control system is replaced with the Z-transform. Therefore, you must understand about the concept of continuous time and discrete time concept. Flow Chart - Digital Control system applications Digital computer also has a limited precision (See quantization) extra care needed to ensure that errors in the coefficients, A / D conversion, D / A conversion, etc. do not produce unwanted effects or planned. The application of digital control can easily be done when used in a feedback form. Since the creation of the first digital computer in the e...

Automatic water pump controller is a series of functions to control the Automatic Water Pump Controller Circuit in a reservoir or water storage. As the water level sensor made with a metal plate mounted on the reservoir or water tank, with a sensor in the short to create the top level and a detection sensor for detecting long again made the lower level and ground lines connected to the bottom of reservoirs or reservoir. The series of automatic water pump controller is designed with 2 inputs NOR by 4 pieces and relay that is activated by the transistor. Automatic water pump circuit requires +12 VDC voltage source and can be used to control the water pump is connected to AC power . Here is the complete series of pictures. Series Automatic Water Pump Controller  List Component Automatic Water Pump Controller  R1 = 15K  R2 = 15K  R3 = 10K  R4 = 1K  D1 = LED  D2 = 1N4148  Q1 = BC337  IC1 = 4001  SW = SPDT Switches  Relay RL1 = 12V...

The LM231/LM331 family of voltage-to-frequency converters  are ideally suited for use in simple low-cost circuits for analog-to-digital conversion, precision frequency-to-voltage conversion, long-term integration, linear frequency modulation or demodulation, and many other functions Voltage-to-frequency converters LM231/LM331 Features Voltage-to-frequency converters LM231/LM331 : - Guaranteed linearity 0.01% max - Improved performance in existing voltage-to-frequency conversion applications - Split or single supply operation - Operates on single 5V supply - Pulse output compatible with all logic forms - Excellent temperature stability, ±50 ppm/°C max - Low power dissipation, 15 mW typical at 5V - Wide dynamic range, 100 dB min at 10 kHz full scale - Wide range of full scale frequency, 1 Hz to 100 kHz - Low cost

Microcontroller to RS-485 circuit | RS-485 bus can carry up to 256 transceiver modules and over long distances . This is a circuit for connect microcontroller with Rs-485 bus. Max485 Max485 are low-power transceivers for RS-485 and RS-422 communication. Each part contains one driver and one receiver. Line Length vs. Data Rate The RS-485/RS-422 standard covers line lengths up to 4000 feet. For line lengths greater than 4000 feet, see Typical Applications The MAX481, MAX483, MAX485, MAX487–MAX491, and MAX1487 transceivers are designed for bidirectional data communications on multipoint bus transmission lines. Microcontroller to RS-485 circuit  diagrams Features - In μMAX Package: Smallest 8-Pin SO - Slew-Rate Limited for Error-Free Data Transmission - 0.1μA Low-Current Shutdown Mode - Low Quiescent Current - -7V to +12V Common-Mode Input Voltage Range - Three-State Outputs - 30ns Propagation Delays, 5ns Skew - Full-Duplex and H...

The new archetypal of RS485 advocate overcomes the RTS controlled botheration accomplished by our chargeless design. However, to do that requires a microprocessor, so there is a greater complication to the design. We advertise this unit, although currently we are attached our sales to barter who can pay by coffer alteration – which in absoluteness is bounded Australian companies.  This architecture has been almost agitation free, and if you crave quantities we can acclimate the adapter pinout to clothing your appliance – about again the accessory will no best fit the simple little D25 case in which you see it pictured. Click image to view larger RS232 to RS485 Circuit * Data (vs RTS) controlled – does not rely on PC handshake timing * DB25 RS232 connector compatible with PC * TxD and RxD translated from RS232 to RS485 * Direction of transmission controlled by Data * Handshake loop the PC connection so it works with all software * RS485 signals output on D9 male with lots of Ground ...

Programming Learning MCS51 Learning Programming MCS51 becomes mandatory we learn if we want to use the MCS51. In the first part of this Learning Programming MCS51 we will learn together about the basic programming language MCS51 microcontroller. Where to program MCS51 outline there are 2 core parts of pemrogramanya language is "Words Work" and "Object". In the article Programming MCS51 this first part we will study first the "verb" is a command group Peng-copies of data, the command group arithmetic and logic command group. Reference to DATA IN PROGRAMMING MCS51 Data can be in many different places, thus known a few ways to describe the data (in English often referred to as 'Addressing Mode'), among others, as follows: The mention of constant data (immediate addressing mode): MOV A, # $ 20. Constant data is data that was in the instructions. Examples of this instruction has the data meaning a constant $ 20 (as a constant data marked with '#...

Microcontroller Interface Engineering With ADC 0804 In ADC 0804 interface techniques with microcontrollers are pin-pin control must be controlled if we want to use the ADC with the microcontroller, there is value addition refferensi voltage to be supplied in 0804 ADC interface with a microcontroller, for example, we use the 0804 ADC (8 bit), if we give refferensi voltage 2.55 volts then we will get the increase of 1 bit to change 10 mVolt. Please note that the 0804 ADC pin on the leg that is form Vref Vref / 2, so to get a 10mV resolution is necessary for setting Vref / 2 equal to 1.275 V The interface circuit microcontroller with ADC 0804 Mechanical interface microcontroller with ADC 0804 The steps in accessing data from the ADC 0804 by the microcontroller sebgai follows; Enable ADC with signal 0 at the foot of Chip Select. Give commands from conversion by providing a low pulse to the foot of the ADC Write narrow Wait for the ADC issued a signal 0 from his leg INT Give a moment of tim...

Make a line follower robot can be done with two transistors. Line Follower Robot series is one of the two transistors contor robot line follower circuit is in Bagun with two NPN transistor and the motor driver as well as processing of sensor signals. In the circuit of line follower robot consists of two parts of the same, only different functions for the motor driver the right and left. Sensor circuit of line follower robot uses the LDR and LED. LDR sensor sensitivity can be set with the VR 10 is mounted in series with the LDR. For more details, see the following figure. Line Follower Robot series 2 Transistor The working principle of the motor driver circuit between the right and left together, when the LDR get the reflection of light from the LED LDR resistance will decrease and make the transistor saturation and motor gets supply and rotates so that the robot moves forward. So at the moment is not the case then the motor did not get a supply, for example, only one sensor is exposed ...

Easy Downloader Circuit Atmel microcontroller series AT89Cxx51 Easy Downloader is one of the downloader that is often used to write data to program the Atmel microcontroller AT89CXX51. Easy Downloader AT89Cxx51 ATMEL microcontroller is using the serial port as a channel of communication with the computer.  Easy Downloader ATMEL Microcontroller AT89Cxx51 can be used to program Atmel AT89CXX51 in parallel. Atmel microcontroller series AT89Cxx51 Easy Downloader is quite simple to make your own because the components necessary to membutanya not complex. Atmel microcontroller series AT89Cxx51 Easy Downloader do not support the serial programming microcontrollers ISP. In the article Easy Downloader ATMEL Microcontroller AT89Cxx51 only displays images Easy Downloader Microcontroller series from Atmel AT89Cxx51 only and are simple.

Real time controller AT89C2051 Real time controller is a device used to exercise control over household device continuously ongoing and scheduled. The series of Real Time Controllers with microcontroller AT89C2051 which dituls in this article is a tool that can do that serve targeted. The series of Real Time Controller with Microcontroller AT89C2051 Atmel AT89C2051 uses a data processor and controller as device installed.  In the application directly devices requires a separate interface from a wide range of Real Time Controllers with this AT89C2051 microcontroller. When will connect the device with the AC power source to use interface optocoupler (MOC) or solid state relay. Devices that can be connected with the series of Real Time Controller with Microcontroller AT89C2051 include lights, water machines, fans, electronic gate. The series of Real Time Controllers with this AT89C2051 microcontroller to control a height of water level, controlling the flame lights the scheduled SCARA...

SMS Remote controller is a device used to control a device remotely using SMS through GSM mobile phones. Process control equipment with a series of AVR ATTiny To SMS Remote Controller can be used to control life and death of these equipment will provide information on the status of replies to our phone in return successful command execution.  Equipment can be controlled by a series of AVR ATTiny To SMS Remote Controller include lights, water pumps, garage doors, gates and much more. AVR series ATTiny To SMS Remote controller uses the module-47 Sony ericson GM as recipient and sender of the SMS module. Then to the SMS data processor on a series of AVR ATTiny To SMS Remote controller is using AVR microcontroller ATTiny 2313. Series AVR ATTiny To SMS Remote Controller SMS Remote controller circuit Click to view larger.  AVR circuit this part ATTiny To SMS Remote Controller AVR series ATTiny To SMS Remote controller uses the AVR attiny2313 with 4MHz clock frequency, GSM Modu...

See figure below its Control Relay Circuit Schematics.

This time, there is a series of audio amplifer 20W as well, but using IC TDA 2005 as a series of his base amplifier. The series of 2x20 Watt Audio Power Amplifier using TDA2005 can you see in the picture below. Technical Data: Performance of TDA2005M: (for this circuit); At 4.14 V supply voltage: 2 x 20 watts (stereo) into 4 Ohms. Distortion: Approx. 0.2% at 4 Watts into 4 ohm load. Frequency Range: Approx. 20 Hz to 22 KHz. Input Sensitivity: Approx. maximum 150 mV rms. . Power supply: + 8 to 18 volts, approx. 3.5 Amps maximum per channel. source [ link ] 

IC 3584 has thermal protection or voltage automatically shutdown when the temperature at IC exceed 150 degrees or more. You can operate this circuit at the transistor or IC heatsing, if a transistor or IC had exceeded the limit of the heat circuit automatically shutdown. How to use a thermal shutdown circuit above that is first given a circuit of voltage V+,V-,and ground , the given a voltage Vin to be created automatically shutdown if the temperature is high , and the output is inserted in the circuit of an amplifier or other. Then IC embedded in the heatsing or case, which if too hot will shutdown alone. If the circuit already decided voltage, the voltage will re-connect if the temperature returns to normal.

The circuit above is  a circuit of drivers to control high voltage using the relay. Relay is controlled by an NPN transistor , its that works on 5V voltage and has diode in it, if the relay does not have s diode should be given with diode 1N4007 . Pin relay to  move the switch connected to V+ 5V and other is connected from driver NPN transistor , the base od the transistor may have input such us from circuit of infrared to control the distance, or with some other input. After the transistor was input  and the collector had output a voltage of the switch relay will work, and voltage that in switch relay ready to use. To cut off switch eliminates enough voltage input at the base transistor , the collector will not remove the voltage , and switch are automatically disconnected.